Advanced progress of ex vivo biosensor assay in toxicological evaluation / 中华预防医学杂志

The ex vivo biosensor assay is developed to assess the health effects and toxicological mechanism of environmental pollutants with internal environment homeostasis changes by integrating the in vivo exposure evaluation, in vitro outcomes analysis, and systematic environment component screening. This toxicology testing model combines the real-world exposure of people in the field and the study of molecular mechanism exploration in lab experiments to overcome the shortcomings of a single toxicology method. It provides a new technique and perspective for toxicity testing and risk assessment in mesoscale between macroscopic population study and microscopic mechanism exploration.

Advances in alternative methods upon the vision for toxicity testing in the 21st century / 中华预防医学杂志

With the increase of global chemical production and the aggravation of population exposure and health risks, higher requirements are put forward for chemical toxicity testing and safety evaluation.'Toxicity testing in the 21st century: a vision and a strategy' has greatly promoted the reform of toxicity testing. Toxicity testing in the new era has made great progress by using new models, new methods and new strategies, combined with interdisciplinary and high-tech advantages. While improving the efficiency of chemical toxicity testing, it also realizes more comprehensive, multi-level and high-quality data acquisition and toxicity evaluation, which provides strong support for the exploration of toxicity mode, toxicity mechanism and toxicity pathway. Focusing on the current alternative new methods of toxicity testing, this issue invites many scholars to introduce and summarize high-content analysis, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture technology, Ex vivo test, single cell sequencing and zebrafish experimental methods, in order to promote the leapfrog development of chemical toxicity testing and evaluation in China.

Assessment of Benchmark Dose in BEAS-2B Cells by Evaluating the Cell Relative Viability with Particulates in Motorcycle Exhaust / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#This study aimed to use an air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure system to simulate the inhalation exposure of motorcycle exhaust particulates (MEPs) and then investigate the benchmark dose (BMD) of MEPs by evaluating cell relative viability (CRV) in lung epithelial BEAS-2B cells.@*Methods@#The MEPs dose was characterized by measuring the number concentration (NC), surface area concentration (SAC), and mass concentration (MC). BEAS-2B cells were exposed to MEPs at different concentrations @*Results@#Our results reveal that BMD of NC and SAC were estimated by the best-fitting Hill model, while MC was estimated by Polynomial model. The BMDL for CRV following ALI exposure to MEPs were as follows: 364.2#/cm @*Conclusion@#These results indicate that MEPs exposure

Static Balance Function in Stroke Patients: A Plantar Pressure Analysis / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective:To explore the mechanism of balance control after stroke by plantar pressure analysis. Methods:From July to December, 2019, twelve stroke subjects (stroke group) and 30 normal subjects (control group) were recruited in the rehabilitation department of our hospital. Both groups were measured plantar pressure in eyes open and closed conditions. The kinematic parameters, dynamic parameters, plantar pressure center (CoP), symmetry index (SI), symmetry angle (SA) and Romberg quotient (RQ) were calculated. Results:Compared with eyes open condition, the average Y and maximum swing of the control group increased significantly in eyes closed condition (P < 0.01); moreover, the ball length, average speed and maximum swing increased significantly in the stroke group (P <0.05). Compared with the control group, the area of the ellipse (|t| > 3.509, P < 0.001) and the average X (|Z|> 2.311, P < 0.05) significantly increased both in eyes open and closed condition, whereas the maximum swing (Z = -3.118, P < 0.01) increased significantly in eyes closed condition in the stroke group. The RQ of ball length was significantly more in the stroke group than in the control group (t = -3.570, P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in SI and SA of all parameters between the eyes open and closed condition in two groups (P > 0.05). Compared with the control group, load SI, overall load SI, forefoot load SI, area SI and forefoot area SI increased in both the eyes open and closed conditions in the stroke group (t > 2.344, P < 0.05), whereas load SA, overall load SA, forefoot load SA, area SA, forefoot area SA increased (|t|> 2.297, P < 0.05), hindfoot load SA increased only in eyes open condition (t = -2.485, P < 0.05), and hindfoot area SA increased only in eyes closed condition (t = -2.132, P < 0.05). In the control group, CoP was mainly distributed in the negative direction of Y axis when the eyes were open and closed, while CoP in the stroke group was relatively discrete, and the distribution on X axis was more obvious than that of the control group. Conclusion:The balance control of stroke patients might depend on visual compensation, and the plantar pressure analysis system could be used to evaluate the balance function in stroke patients.

Study on fibrosis changes in the lungs of mice caused by repeated inhalation of polyhexamethyleneguaidine disinfectant / 中华预防医学杂志

To explore the lung damage caused by repeated inhalation of polyhexamethyleneguanidine (PHMG) disinfectant aerosol and the corresponding toxicological characteristics. Thirty four-week-old mice of C57BL/6N strain were randomly divided into three groups, the control group, low-dose group, and high-dose group. Each group had 5 male mice and 5 female mice. Lab II-level purified water was used in the control group. The PHMG disinfectant aerosol was generated by using the ultrasonic atomization of the aqueous solution containing PHMG. The PHMG concentrations in the low-and high-dose groups were 0.1 mg/ml (0.01%) and 1 mg/ml (0.1%), respectively. The concentration of PHMG in the post-chemical exposure room was 1.03 mg/m(3) and 9.09 mg/m(3) according to the air sampler analysis. The experimental mice were exposed to the PHMG in dynamic respiratory exposure mode for 4 hours every day in 21 days. After 21-day exposure, bronchia alveolus lung fluids (BALFs) were used to evaluate the inflammatory cells in the lungs, and pathological evaluation, special staining and immunohistochemical methods were further performed to evaluate the key indicators of pulmonary fibrosis. Compared to the control group, the body weight of mice in the high-dose group was significantly decreased (0.05), while that of mice in the low-dose group did not significantly differ (0.05). The number of inflammatory cells in BALFs of low-dose exposed mice was slightly reduced, and the lung tissue pathology began to show lung damage with early fibrosis symptoms (0.05). The pathological examination of mice in the high-dose group showed changes in pulmonary fibrosis. Immunohistochemical staining showed that pulmonary fibrosis marker, α-SMA, was significantly increased in low-dose group and high-dose group (0.05). The repeated inhalation of PHMG disinfectant could cause lung damage such as pulmonary fibrosis in mice. It could suggest that special warnings should be given to this common disinfectant and respiratory protection measures should be adopted during industrial production and daily use.

Progress in respiratory toxicity of polyhexamethyleneguaidine disinfectant and mechanism exploration / 中华预防医学杂志

Polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) is a high molecular guanidine compound with a broad spectrum of antibacterial effects. Since the outbreak of the 'humidifier disinfectant-induced lung injury' event in South Korea, the respiratory toxicity of PHMG had become a public concern. An epidemiological survey in Korea found that PHMG-containing disinfectants were an important risk factor for pulmonary fibrosis. Animal experiments also showed that the exposure to PHMG through the respiratory tract could cause irreversible fibrosis in the lungs. TGF-β signaling pathway, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and pulmonary inflammation might be the main pathways that could mediate PHMG-induced pulmonary fibrosis. This article provided an overview of the characteristics of population exposure to PHMG and research progress in the field of respiratory toxicology and recommendations for the rational and standard of using PHMG-related products in China.

Role of TLR4/NF-κB pathway for early change of synovial membrane in knee osteoarthritis rats / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To study role of TLR4/NF-κB pathway for early change of synovial membrane in knee osteoarthritis rats.@*METHODS@#Eighteen male SD rats weighted (200±20) g were randomly divided into 2 groups, namely control and model group, and 9 in each group. Knee OA model group was established by using modified Hulth method in model group. Control group was not treated. Synovial tissue and serum was extracted at 4 and 21 d after operation. Expression of CD14, TLR4, IL-1β, TNF-α, ADAMTS-4, MMP-13 were detected by real-time PCR respectively. NF-κB p65 protein was detected by Western-blot; serum concentrations of haluronic acid (HA), N-propeptide of type III procollagen(PIIINP) was detected by Elisa.@*RESULTS@#Expression of CD14, ADAMTS-4, and NF-κB p65 in model group were higher than that of control group at 4 and 21 days after operation, while expression of TLR4, IL-1β, TNF-α and MMP-13 were higher than that of control group at 21 days after operation(<0.01). Concentration of PIIINP and HA in model group were higher than that of control group at 4 days after operation, while there was no significant difference at 21 days after operation.@*CONCLUSIONS@#NF-κB pathway could mediate occurrence of KOA by early activating and triggeringg synovial increasingly secreting inflammatory secretion CD14, TLR4, IL-1β, TNF-α, ADAMTS-4, MMP-13, PIIINP and HA.

Bridging fixation with locking plate for the treatment of subtrochanteric femoral fractures of Seinsheimer type V / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the clinical effect of bridging fixation with locking plate for the Seinsheimer type V subtrochanteric femoral fracture.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From March 2009 to September 2014,18 cases of Seinsheimer type V subtrochanteric femoral fracture were treated by open reduction and bridging fixation with locking plate through proximal and distal approach including 16 males and 2 females with an average age of 41 years old ranging from 22 to 67 years old. Among them, 12 cases caused by traffic accident, 5 cases by falling, 1 case by heavy aboving. All cases were fresh and closed fractures. Time between injury and operation was from 4 to 9 days with an average of 6.2 days. Of them, 11 cases were fixed with reverse LISS and the other 7 cases were fixed with anatomical locking plates of proximal femur.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mean time of operation was 110 min (ranged from 90 to 155 min). The mean blood loss during operation was 425 ml (ranged from 350 to 650 ml) and 16 cases got blood transfusion which was meanly 300 ml. The mean hospital time was 14 days (ranged from 12 to 18 days). The mean duration of followed up was 11.8 months (ranged from 8 to 22 months). The mean time of bone union was 6.6 months (ranged from 5 to 8 months). There was not any complication such as infection, implant failure, hip varus, external rotation deformity of low limb or fat embolism. The Sanders hip scores were 53.22 ± 6.48, the result was excellent in 12 cases and good in 6 cases at the last follow-up.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Under the principle of biological osteosynthesis, treatment of Seinsheimer type V subtrochanteric femoral fracture with bridging locking plate fixation has such advantages as high mechanism, less interference of blood supply, stable fixation and little complication. It is a safe and idea way for the treatment of the Seinsheimer type V subtrochanteric femoral fracture.</p>

Etablishment of cartilage degeneration model by IL-1 beta in vitro / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish a reliable model for drug screening and therapy by culturing rat femoral head and inducing cartilage degeneration quickly in vitro.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The femoral heads from the same SD rats of two-month old were divided into control group and experimental group respectively. They were cultured with DMEM medium plus 10% fetal bovine serum or DMEM medium plus 10% fetal bovine serum plus 50 ng/ml IL-1β for three days. Femoral heads were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, decalcified, dehydrated, embedded in paraffin and cut into slices. Specimens were stained with Toluidine blue and Safranine O-Fast Green FCF. The protein expression levels of type II collagen, MMP13, Sox9 and ADAMTS5 were analyzed by immunofluorescence.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Both the Toluidine blue and Safranine O staining were pale in the margin of femoral heads which were stimulated with IL-1β for three days compared to that in control group. The Fast Green FCF staining was positive at the edge of the femoral head in experimental group, which indicated that cartilage became degenerated. The expression levels of both type H collagen and Sox9 were decreased significantly while the expression levels of MMP13 and ADAMTS5 were increased in experimental group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The model of cartilage degeneration is established by culturing and inducing the degeneration of the femoral heads quickly in vitro.</p>

Case-control study on close reduction combined with minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis for the treatment of distal fracture of tibial shaft / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the effects of close reduction combined with minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis for distal fracture of tibial shaft.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From March 2009 to May 2013, there were 124 patients (89 males and 35 females, 30 of them were injured in a traffic accident and 94 were falling down in daily life, the ages ranging from 21 to 81 years old) who suffered from distal fracture of tibial shaft. Sixty-six patients (48 males and 18 females, 45 cases of type A, 12 cases of type B and 9 cases of type C) were treated with close manipulative reduction combined with minimally invasive percutaneous plate fixation. After close reduction, a minimal incision was made and a anatomic plate was inserted just along the medial tibia periostea, and then the fracture was fixed without fracture exposure. The other 58 patients (41 males and 17 females, 41 cases of type A, 10 cases of type B and 7 cases of type C) were treated with conventional open reduction and internal fixation. Length of the incision, operating time, early postoperative pain (recorded using the Visual Analog Scale score) and the outcome results (recorded using the evaluation standard of Johner-Wruhs) were compared.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The length of incision was meanly (7.34 ± 1.42) cm in MIPPO group and (21.82 ± 2.35) cm in ORIF group; operation time was (44.48 ± 10.00) min in MIPPO group and (59.42 ± 11.84) min in ORIF group. The postoperative radiographs verified good position of all screws and satisfactory bone fracture reduction in both groups. All the patients were followed up, and the duration ranged from 10 to 24 months (mean 15.2 months) in both groups. In MIPPO group,only one patient had delayed union and got union after Chinese herb therapy. The other 65 patients got bony union during 15 to 20 weeks. While in ORIF group, 3 patients suffered from nonunion and received reoperation with bone grafting, and 4 patients got bone infection.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Treatment of distal fracture of tibial shaft, combined with close reduction and MIPPO technique, has the advantages such as less invasion, less damage of blood supply, simplified procedure of operation and higher union rate, which is an ideal methods and is accordant to the biological demand.</p>

Case-control study on close manipulative reduction combined with minimally invasive percutaneous plate fixation for the treatment of proximal humeral fractures / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the clinical effects of close manipulative reduction combined with minimally invasive percutaneous plate fixation(MIPPO) and conventional open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) for the treatment of proximal humerus fractures.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From April 2008 to March 2013, among the 75 patients with fractures of proximal humerus, 26 patients were male and 49 patients were female, ranging in age from 22 to 80 years; 18 patients had injuries caused by traffic accident and 57 patients had injuries caused by falling down. According to Neer classification, there were 49 cases of two-part fractures and 26 cases of three-part fractures. All the patients were divided into two groups: MIPPO group and ORIF group. There were 12 males and 21 females in the MIPPO group,including 22 cases of Neer two parts and 11 cases of Neer three parts, who were treated with close manipulative reduction combined with MIPPO. While the other 42 patients were in the ORIF group,including 16 males and 26 females. Among those patients,27 cases belonged to Neer two parts and 15 cases of Neer three parts, who were treated with ORIF. Length of the incision, blood loss, operating time, early postoperative pain(recorded by VAS), neck-shaft angle of proximal humerus and postoperative function of shoulder(recorded by Constant-Murley score, including pain, function, ROM and muscle length) were compared.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mean lengths of incision were (6.74 +/- 0.38) cm in MIPPO group and (16.82 +/- 1.74) cm in ORIF group;blood losses were (110.15 +/- 29.49) ml in MIPPO group and (326.19 +/- 59.71) ml in ORIF group; operation times were (48.60 +/- 10.18) min in MIPPO group and (68.84-16.22) min in ORIF group. VAS of patients in MIPPO group on the 1st and 3rd days postoperatively were lower than those of patients in the ORIF group. The postoperative radiographs verified good position of all screws and satisfactory reduction of bone fracture reduction in both groups. All the patients were followed up,and the durig ranged from 8 to 24 months (mean 14.2 months). In the MIPPO group, there was no humeral head necrosis and all patients gained bone union; while in the ORIF group, 3 patients sustained nonunion and received reoperation for bone grafting, and 2 patients sustained humeral head necrosis. The mean Constant-Murley scores of shoulder were 88.94 +/- 2.57 in the MIPPO group and 86.00 +/- 3.36 in the ORIF group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The close manipulative reduction combined with MIPPO is a better choice for fixation of proximal humerus fractures, compared with conventional plate. This method possesses such advantages as a shorter incision, less disturbance of the blood supply and stable fixation of the fracture, allowing early exercise so that the function of shoulder recovers rapidly.</p>

Regulating effect of anodonta glucan HBP-A on chondrocytes through Wnt pathway / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate regulation function of anodonta glucan HBP-A on chondrocytes through Wnt pathway in vitro.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Rat chondrocytes were cultured and differentiated induced with IL-1beta (10 ng/ml) in vitro. Chondrocytes were divided into five groups:IL-13 group,IL-1beta + IWP-2 (5 microM,Wnt pathway inhibitor) group, IL-1beta + HBP-A (0.3 mg/ml) group and IL-1beta + IWP-2 + HBP-A group. Wnt-3a, beta-catenin (24 h,48 h,72 h) and MMP-13(72 h) genes expression were detected by Rt-PCR, while beta-catenin, MMP-13, Sox-9 and coll-II (48 h) protein expression were measured by Western-blot.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After induction of IL-1beta, gene expression of Wnt-3a, beta-catenin and MMP-13 were increased,so were the protein expression of beta-catenin and MMP-13. In contrast,protein expression of Sox-9 and Coll-II were declined. Following addition of HBP-A, Wnt-3a, beta-catenin and MMP-13 were shown as induction of IL-1beta, but protein expression of Sox-9 and Coll-II were upgraded. Combining HBP-A with IWP-2 led to the lowest level in Wnt-3a, beta-catenin gene and beta-catenin protein expression and highest expression of Sox-9 protein.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>HBP-A could not only delay the differentiation of chondrocytes through downgrading the signal expression of Wnt/beta-catenin,but also adjust the expression of Wnt-3a, beta-catenin and Sox-9 when combinated with the Wnt inhibitor.</p>

Close reduction combined with minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis for proximal and distal tibial fractures: a report of 56 patients / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the clinical effects of close reduction combined with minimally invasive percutanous plate osteosynthesis (MIPPO) for proximal and distal tibial fractures.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From March 2007 to December 2010, 56 patients with proximal and distal tibial fractures were treated with close reduction combined with MIPPO technique. There were 39 males and 17 females,aged from 22 to 67 years with an average of 41.3 years. Left fracture was in 25 cases and right fracture was in 31 cases; proximal tibial fracture was in 15 cases and distal tibial fractures was in 41 cases; 34 cases caused by fall down and 22 cases caused by road accident. The mean time from injury to operation was 1.7 d. Clinical manifestation included pain, swelling of leg with limitation of activity. According to the standard of Johner-Wruhs, clinical effects were evaluated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mean operative time was 46 min in 56 patients. All fractures obtained satisfactory reduction and the location of plate was good. Incisions healed with one-stage and no superficial or deep infection was found. All the patients were followed up from 8 to 23 months with an average of 14.2 months. Only one fracture complication with delayed union,and after auto grafting with ilium bone,the fracture got union. Other 55 cases obtained bone healing in 15 to 20 weeks after operation and no internal fixation failure was found. The time of walking was 4-6 months after operation,without limping at 7 months after operation. Both lower extremities were symmetrical and the function of knee and ankle got complete recovery. According to the criteria of Johner-Wruhs score,46 cases obtained excellent results,9 good and 2 fair.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Treatment of proximal and distal tibial fractures with close reduction and MIPPO technique can not only preserve soft tissue,simplify operative procedure and decrease wound, but also can obtain rigid internal fixation and guarantee early function exercises of knee and ankle joints. The method has the advantages of less soft tissue injury, less blood loss, reliable fixation, which is effective method in treating proximal and distal tibial fractures and corresponds with the standpoint of biological fixation.</p>

Application of biomarker CTX- II in osteoarthritis / 中国骨伤

Effective biomarkers for clinical usage of osteoarthritis are still limited. It was confirmed that C-terminal crosslinking telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX- II) was a specific marker reflecting degradation of articular cartilage. Detection of CTX- II could promptly reflect level of cartilage injury and degradation ,diagnose OA,predict its progress,monitor effects of drug treatment, thus, reflect the condition of osteoarthritis patient indirectly. Application of CTX- II focused mainly on in the early stage of OA and need together to detect with other biomarkers,in order to more accurately reflection of the pathological changes of OA,but the specific clinical significance of CTX- II results still need to improve further.

Distribution of chromium in whole blood and urine among general population in China between year 2009 and 2010 / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the chromium (Cr) levels in blood and urine among general population in China between 2009 and 2010, and thereby to analyze its prevalent features.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From year 2009 to 2010, a total of 11 983 subjects of general population aged between 6 and 60 year-old were recruited from 24 districts in 8 provinces in eastern, central and western China mainland, by cluster random sampling method. The information about their living environment and health status were collected by questionnaire, and 11 983 blood samples and 11 853 urine samples were also collected. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was applied to test the Cr level both in blood and urine; and the Cr distribution in blood and urine among groups of population in different ages, genders and districts, were then analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among general population in China, the geometric mean (GM) of Cr concentration in blood was 1.19 µg/L, with median at 1.74 µg /L and 95% percentile at 5.59 µg/L. The Cr concentration in blood among males and females were separately 1.18 µg/L and 1.20 µg/L(P > 0.05); while its GM in the groups of population aged 6 - 12, 12 - 16, 16 - 20, 20 - 30, 30 - 45 and 45 - 60 years old were 1.00, 1.22, 1.01, 1.40, 1.27 and 1.30 µg/L (P < 0.01), respectively; and the figures in populations from eastern, central and western China were 1.00, 1.70 and 1.98 µg/L (P < 0.01), respectively. Among general population, the GM of Cr concentration in urine was 0.53 µg/L, with median was lower than 0.42 µg/L and 95% percentile at 3.53 µg/L. The Cr concentration in urine among males and females were separately 0.52 µg/L and 0.53 µg/L (P > 0.05);while its GM in the groups of population aged 6 - 12, 12 - 16, 16 - 20, 20 - 30, 30 - 45 and 45 - 60 years old were 0.56, 0.60, 0.52, 0.50, 0.52 and 0.46 µg/L (P < 0.01), respectively;and the figures in populations from eastern, central and western China were 0.58, < 0.42 and 0.60 µg/L (P < 0.01), respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The study reported the Cr levels in blood and urine among general population in China, and thereby provided basic data evidence for the following Cr biological monitoring studies in near future.</p>

Development of animal model for lung injury in rats caused by unknown polymer via intratracheal instillation / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish an animal model of lung injury in SD rats using intratracheal instillation of unknown polymer and to provide the base for exploring the molecular mechanism of lung tissue injury induced by occupational exposure.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred forty SD rats were randomly divided into seven groups, including the control group 1 which was exposed to normal solution, the control group 2 which was not exposed to any one and five treatment groups which were exposed to 1 ml unknown polymer (0.5 ml for each lung) at the doses of 40, 30, 20, 10 and 5 mg/ml, respectively by intratracheal instillation. The rats were sacrificed on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 10th, 14th, 21th and 28th day after exposure, then the lung tissues were examined pathologically and the blood bio-chemical analysis was conducted.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The results of blood biochemical analysis indicated that ALT and AST levels in rats exposed to 30 and 40 mg/ml unknown polymer were significantly higher than those in control groups. Intratracheal instillation of unknown polymer can causes PLF in experimental animals on the 14th days after exposure. The results of pathological examination exhibited that the lung tissue injury in rats exposed to unknown polymer for 14 days or more was found and the dose-effect relationship was observed.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>An animal model of lung injury in SD rats induced by unknown polymer with intratracheal instillation was established successfully. The results of pathological examination showed that the types of rat lung injury were similar to the clinical lung injury after exposure to unknown polymer, which provided a base for studying the mechanism of lung injury caused by occupational exposure to unknown polymer.</p>

Study on the diagnostic value of whole-organ magnetic resonance imaging score (WORMS) in knee osteoarthritis / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the diagnostic value of whole-organ magnetic resonance imaging score (WORMS) in knee osteoarthritis (KOA).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From November 2009 to January 2011,70 patients with KOA combined with knee effusion among outpatient and inpatient were analyzed retrospectively. Among the patients, 12 patients were male, 58 patients were female,ranging in age from 46 to 75 years,with a mean age of (59.66 +/- 9.93) years. The clinical symptoms were evaluated by WOMAC, the imaging of KOA was assessed by K-L score and WORMS, and COMP and CTX- II were measured respectively by ELISA. The correlation analyses and multiple linear regression analysis were studied to determine associations among biomarkers, clinical variables and radiographic findings of knee joints.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The average scores of WOMAC and WORMS were (57.50 +/- 8.20) and (64.54 +/- 16.45) respectively. The median of CTX- II nd COMP were 2.42 ng/ml and 4.56 ng/ml respectively. Grouped by less than the lowest quartile and more than the highest quartile of WORMS, COMP was significantly different (Z=2.04, P=0.039), but there was no significant difference in CTX-II (Z=0.79, P=0.427). WORMS were positively correlated with WOMAC and K-L score (r=0.777, P<0.01; r=0.716, P<0.01; respectively); WOMAC was also positively correlated with K-L score (r=0.692, P<0.01). WORMS's cartilage, osteophytes and synovitis were positively correlated with WOMAC, K-L score and COMP respectively (r=0.771, P<0.01; r=0.509, P<0.01; r=0.917, P<0.01). It was determined by stepwise regression that the KOA was mainly affected by WORMS, K-L score (P=0.015, P=0.025 respectively) when WOMAC as a dependent variable, age, gender, K-L score, WORMS, COMP and CTX- II as independent variables (F=20.327, P<0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>WORMS has a better reference value for diagnosis of KOA. The expression of COMP is high in the synovial fluid when WORMS at the high point. The clinical symptoms of knee osteoarthritis are mainly affected by WORMS and K-L score.</p>

Association between cytokines and trichloroethylene-induced hypersensitivity dermatitis / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To detect the cytokines levels in serums of patients with trichloroethylene-induced hypersensitivity dermatitis and explore the effect biomarkers associated with this disease.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty-two patients with TCE-induced hypersensitivity dermatitis, twenty-two healthy TCE-exposed workers from the same workshops with patients and twenty-two comparable unexposed controls were recruited in this study. Eight cytokines in serums from all subjects were detected using Liquid Suspended Biochip; the correlation among the eight cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β (IL-1β), IL-5, IL-8, IL-10, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β) and the correlation between IL-5 and eosinophil count were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The medians of levels of IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-5, IL-10, MCP-1, MIP-1β, IL-8 among patients were 0.15, 80.13, 2.95, 6.45, 83.83, 1057.90, 440.22 pg/ml, respectively, which were higher than those among the TCE-exposed workers (0.09, 16.93, 0.11, 0.07, 28.75, 241.07, 28.26 pg/ml, respectively, all P values < 0.01) and unexposed controls (0.09, 3.14, 0.11, 0.07, 25.27, 209.64, 207.34 pg/ml, respectively, all P values < 0.01). The median of level of TNF-α among the patients was 13.26 pg/ml, which was significantly higher than that among TCE-exposed workers (4.87 pg/ml, P < 0.01) but not among unexposed controls; the median of level of IL-5 among the TCE-exposed workers was 0.11 pg/ml, which was significantly higher than that among the unexposed controls (0.11 pg/ml, P < 0.01). The median of levels of IL-8 among the unexposed controls was 207.34 pg/ml, which was significantly higher than that among the TCE-exposed workers (28.26 pg/ml, P < 0.01). In case group, except for correlation of TNF-α and IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-5, the significant positive correlations were found among any two cytokines (r(IL-1β,IFN-γ) = 0.500, r(IL-1β,TNF-α) = 0.348, r(IL-1β,MCP-1) = 0.537, r(IL-1β,MIP-1β) = 0.477, r(IL-1β,IL-8) = 0.466, r(IL-1β,IL-5) = 0.610, r(IL-1β,IL-10) = 0.626, r(IFN-γ,MCP-1) = 0.460, r(IFN-γ,MIP-1β) = 0.491, r(IFN-γ,IL-8) = 0.322, r(IFN-γ,IL-5) = 0.532, r(IFN-γ,IL-10) = 0.511, r(TNF-α,MCP-1) = 0.325, r(TNF-α,MIP-1β) = 0.283, r(TNF-α,IL-8) = 0.430, r(TNF-α,IL-10) = 0.271, r(MCP-1,MIP-1β) = 0.659, r(MCP-1,IL-8) = 0.526, r(MCP-1,IL-5) = 0.504, r(MCP-1,IL-10) = 0.614, r(MIP-1β,IL-8) = 0.601, r(MIP-1β,IL-5) = 0.451, r(MIP-1β,IL-10) = 0.579, r(IL-8,IL-5) = 0.255, r(IL-8,IL-10) = 0.403, r(IL-5,IL-10) = 0.798, all P values < 0.05). The median of level of IL-5 among the patients with high eosinophils counts was 8.92 pg/ml, which was significantly higher than that among the patients with low eosinophils counts (1.04 pg/ml, P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The abnormal production of IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-8, MCP-1, MIP-1β, IL-5 and IL-10 was related with the pathogenesis of hypersensitivity dermatitis induced by TCE. These cytokines could be used as referential indexes in the early health surveillance and clinic disease treatment.</p>

Association between polymorphisms of metabolic genes and telomere length in workers exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the association between the polymorphisms of metabolic genes and telomere length of genomic DNA in peripheral blood of workers exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred and forty five coke-oven workers exposed to PAHs and sixty eight non-exposed medical staffs were recruited in this study. Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) served as the internal exposure dose of PAHs for all subjects. Relative telomere length (RTL) of genomic DNA in peripheral blood was used as telomere length and measured by real-time PCR. Polymorphisms of metabolic genes were detected by PCR-based methods.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with control group, the exposure group shown a decreased RTL (1.10 +/- 0.75 vs 1.43 +/- 1.06, P < 0.05). In the coke-oven workers, after adjusting the sex, age, cigarettes per day and urinary 1-OHP, RTL (1.25 +/- 0.93) of workers with CT genotype at the CYP1A1 3801 T > C was significantly longer than that (0.93 +/- 0.51) of workers with TT genotype (P < 0.05). RTL (0.90 +/- 0.58) of individuals with the Tyr/His genotype at mEH Tyr113His was significantly shorter than that (1.24 +/- 0.90) of individuals with the Tyr/Tyr genotype (P < 0.05). RTL (1.02 +/- 0.64) of individuals with the CT genotype at AHR rs10250822 was significantly shorter than that (1.36 +/- 1.14) of individuals with the CC genotype (P < 0.05). RTL (0.93 +/- 0.54) of individuals with the AT genotype at AHR rs10247158 was significantly shorter than that (1.19 +/- 0.84) of individuals with the AA genotype (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The results of present study suggested that PAHs exposure could induce the shorted RTL, CYP1A1, mEH, AHR polymorphisms might influence the change of telomere length of genomic DNA in peripheral blood of workers exposed to PAHs.</p>

A study of proximal humerus fractures using close reduction and percutaneous minimally invasive fixation / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the clinical effects of close reduction and percutaneous minimally invasive fixation in the treatment of proximal humerus fractures.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From April 2008 to March 2010, 28 patients with proximal humerus fracture were treated with close reduction and percutaneous minimally invasive fixation. There were 21 males and 7 females, ranging in age from 22 to 78 years,with an average of 42.6 years. The mean time from suffering injuries to the operation was 1.7 d. Nineteen cases caused by falling down, 9 cases by traffic accident. The main clinical manifestation was swelling, pain and limited mobility of shoulders. According to Neer classification, two part fractures were in 17 cases and three part fractures in 11 cases. The locking proximal humerus plate was used to minimally fixation through deltoid muscle under acromion. The operating time,volume of blood loss, the length of incision and Constant-Murley assessment were applied to evaluate the therapeutic effects.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mean operating time was 40 min, the mean blood loss was 110 ml, and the mean length of incision was about 5.6 cm. The postoperative X-ray showed excellent reduction and the plate and screws were successfully place. Twenty-eight patients were followed up for 6 to 24 months (averaged 14.2 months). The healing time ranged from 6 to 8 weeks and all incision was primarily healed. There were no cases with necrosis head humerus, 24 cases without omalgia, and 4 cases with o-malgia occasionally. All the patients can complete the daily life. The mean score of Constant-Murley assessment was 91.0 +/- 5.8, 24 cases got an excellent result, 3 good and 1 fair.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Close reduction and percutaneous minimally invasive fixation, not only can reduce surgical invasive, but also guarantee the early function activities. It has the advantages of less invasive, fixed well and less damage of blood circulation.</p>